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Ancient Greek Religion
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Greek religion was a predominant
form of early Paganism and as a result their religion reflected
many central ideas and concepts of earlier forms of Paganism,
such as Druidism, both ancient and Modern and Witchcraft and
Wicca. It was polytheistic, consisting of the worship of many
Gods. The Greeks believed that the Gods would offer protection
and guide their city-states. This belief was identical to other
earlier forms of Paganism.
Divinities were the most important element
of Greek religion and much emphasis was placed on pleasing the
Gods in order to live a life free of oppression and hardship.
Like all Pagans, the Greeks believed that they had to worship
and please the Gods in order to have good fortune. The Greeks
participated in a number of rituals, rites, ceremonies and sacrifices
in order to impress and placate the Gods. Temples, shrines and
statues were erected as a designated place to offer sacrifices
to the Gods.
Religion was a very important aspect
of Greek society and culture, with the sacrifices and regular
worships of Gods serving to unify the people in a common goal
to please the Gods. The Greeks also placed an immense faith
in the idea that an afterlife awaited them after their death.
They firmly believed that this life was not the only reality
in which the soul lives, but after this lifetime, a whole new
and different one awaited them.
The origins of Greek history has been lost in pre-history, the
only knowledge that has remained is that the Greeks assimilated
cults of pre-Greek inhabitants of the Peninsula. An example
of this can be seen when the Greeks encountered the Flourishing
society of the Minoan civilization whose central divinities
influenced characteristics of later Greek Goddesses.
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Greek religion was ritual based, practicing
a flexible set of beliefs. It was unlike many modern religions,
because it made no claims of universality, they did not proselytize,
they did not participate in regular clergies, no hierarchical
system, no sacred texts or moral code that is backed by religious
beliefs. Scholars of the Renaissance believed that Greek religion
simply consisted of an abundant treasury of legendary tales
told by Greek authors. However Greek religion was not simply
legendary tales and fictitious myths, it was a complex organization
with each city-state containing its own divinities, which acted
to cement the body of citizens into a true community. The Divine
played an integral part in Greek religion and their society.
The Divine entered all parts of Greek society, domestic affairs,
civic organization, gender, agriculture and war. This belief
is also reflected in many other earlier forms of Paganism. The
Greeks attempted to please the Gods, fearing that they could
upset them with insolence and impiety. The Greeks placed great
importance on Twelve Pantheon Gods. They also worshipped other
deities such as oracles, lesser divinities, demi Gods and Heroes.
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The Greeks worshipped many Gods, creating
a polytheistic society. The Gods were admired and feared, being
distinguished from man by their immortality. The Greeks believed
that the Gods controlled natural and social forces and resided
on Mount Olympus. The Greeks were an earth based culture as
were most early forms of Paganism, holding a high respect for
nature and the earth. To reflect this love of nature, the Greeks
placed different Gods in charge of different aspects of life.
They had Gods of the countryside; Nymphs, the Goat- God Pan,
Naead ( dwelling in springs), dryads (dwelling in trees), Nereids
( dwelling in the sea) and Satyrs, showing their respect for
nature. The twelve main Gods were: Hades; God of the underworld,
Aphrodite; Goddess of love, Apollo; God of light, purity, guidance,
healing and music, Zeus; King of Gods, thunder, lightning, gold
and kings, Athere; Goddess of Athens, war, handicrafts and wisdom,
Demeter; Goddess of harvest, Hera, Hermes, Hestia, Hephaistos,
Poseidon, Artemis and Ares.
Although these twelve Gods
were the most important, facets of their personalities were
altered by sporadically adding new Gods. The Greeks believed
that the Gods were pre-eminently social beings, upholding an
organized universe. The Gods were often depicted as humans as
the Romans and other early forms of Paganism did. The Gods also
occasionally assumed animal guise. Another interesting factor
was that each God assumed and represented a different aspect
and function of Greek life. Sometimes Gods can be worshipped
under different names, for example Zeus can be worshipped under
the name Omrios. The Greeks used the Gods to explain the occurrence
of things, which they could not understand through lack of scientific
proof. For example they thought that the Gods controlled the
rising and setting of the sun and created great myths about
such events.
Although the Greeks heavily depended
on their Gods to uphold their society, it is evident that they
relied on other deities as well. This can be seen through the
Greeks faith in a deity, which they called an Oracle. An oracles
primary function was to offer guidance and advice. In archaic
times, the Greeks sought out the Oracles advice in relation
to religious and political aspects of life. They were also used
as a mean to seek out the will of the Gods. Sanctuaries were
dedicated to the Oracles to indicate their importance. Shrines
were also erected for the Oracles and became places of international
prestige. Oracles controlled many human decisions about health,
sickness, peace, war, colonization, migration, crime and punishment.
In order to show their appreciation
to the Gods and Oracles, the Greeks would perform a series
of rituals, ceremonies, sacrifices and offerings as other
forms of Paganism did. Sacrifices of animals; sheep, cows,
goats, pigs and bulls were made, as well as the occasional
human sacrifice as a present to the Gods. Chosen animals for
sacrifice formed a procession, they were crowned, adorned,
purified with water and sprinkled with barley. Many temples
and shrines were also erected as a mark of respect and for
a place to offer their sacrifices. It is obvious that the
Greeks placed a lot of pride in their temples and shrines,
for extensive time was taken to re-build, preserve and beautify
them. Further evidence of the Greeks desire to please the
Gods can be seen through their offerings. The Greeks offered
such things as stone freezes, "gold vessels, wheat, wine
and honey, milk, water and first fruits." Prayers and
hymns accompanied sacrifices and sometimes performances and
other ritual acts followed such as dances or early forms of
drama.
The function of these sacrifices aside
from pleasing the Gods was to unite the people in a common
and regular pattern and to integrate them into the city. It
is clear that many similarities can be drawn between other
forms of Paganism and Greek religion, through their similar
worshiping techniques, their desire to please the Gods and
their polytheistic nature.
The after life was also very important
to the Greeks, as they believed that their souls were carried
on to another dimension and lived on after death. This ideology
about death was a direct contrast to other forms of Paganism.
Other Pagan religions believed that there was no Heaven or
Hell, rather they believed in re-incarnation. They believed
that the soul was passed on to another body at the time of
death. This is one of the only aspects that distinguishes
Greek religion from other forms of Paganism.
The Greeks held a strong belief that
your body needed to be buried with the goods and wealth that
you had accumulated in this lifetime in order to carry them
through into the next life. Gravesites recovered have shown
that people have been buried with food, cloths and jewelled
ornaments. Kings were buried with bronze weapons, chariots
and their horses. In some cases the wives and slaves were
killed and buried beside the dead so that the person could
take their family with them into the next lifetime. Their
bodies are well preserved and embalmed so that they are not
ruined for the next life.
It is obvious that the Greeks shared
many common aspects with other forms of Paganism. Both held
the Gods in high esteem, and attempted to placate them with
rites, worships and sacrifices. Another common theme was the
fact that both Greek religion and other forms of Paganism
were earth based cultures, placing a high respect upon nature.
Another link between Greek religion and other forms of Paganism
can be seen by their polytheistic nature. The worship of many
Gods is linked throughout all of the Pagan religions; Wicca,
Druidism, Witchcraft and Neo-Paganism. The only contrast between
Greek religion and other forms of Paganism can be seen through
their differing beliefs about the after-life. Whilst most
Pagan religions hold the belief that their spirit was passed
on from one body to the other, Greek religion centred on the
belief that the soul moved onto another life, such as Heaven
or Hell. |
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Courtesy of the Pagan
Federation Website. |
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